—applied being a function phrase before a correct noun to differentiate the problem on the referent from a normal, previous, or hypothetical situationFrom the Worldwide Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨a⟩ is employed for the open up entrance unrounded vowel, ⟨ä⟩ is employed for the open central unrounded vowel, and ⟨ɑ⟩ is useful for the open up